Established
Among humans, cigarette smoking raises the probability of lung cancer.
The engine reads the topic as a claim about incidence, not about any one smoker’s fate. Dose-response, cessation, and biological mechanism converge on that incidence claim. The engine does not re-analyze the studies. It places the claim at the ceiling empirical probability can reach.
The final form is a raised probability, replicated across study designs. A further move is a design that could overturn the causal identification. A deductive proof is not available for this claim, and the engine does not pretend to one.
- Probabilistic
- Deterministic
- Empirical
- Objective
- Verifiable
- Provable
The honest answer is a frequency, a chance, or a credence. The engine estimates it, names the uncertainty, and scores it when the outcome arrives.
The settled form is a raised probability on which those designs converge.